Traumatic brain injury is
Traumatic brain injury is damage to the bones of the skull or soft tissues, such as brain tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and meninges. There are two groups of traumatic brain injuries: open and closed.
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common types of injuries and accounts for up to 50% of all types of injuries. In trauma statistics, brain injuries account for 25-30% of all injuries, and they account for the majority of deaths. Mortality from traumatic brain injury is 1% of total mortality.
Classification of TBI
Open injuries
In an open head injury, the following are damaged:
- skin,
- aponeurosis
- and the bottom of the wound is bone or deeper tissues.
A penetrating injury is considered to be an injury in which the dura mater is damaged. A special case of penetrating injury is otolymphorrhea resulting from a fracture of the bones of the skull base.
Closed injuries
In a closed head injury, the aponeurosis is not damaged, although the skin may be damaged.
Types of injuries
All traumatic brain injuries are divided into:
- Concussion . An injury that does not cause permanent brain damage. All symptoms that occur after a concussion usually disappear over time (within a few days). Persistent symptoms are a sign of more serious brain damage . The main criteria for the severity of a concussion are the duration (from a few seconds to hours) and the subsequent depth of loss of consciousness and amnesia. Non-specific symptoms: nausea, vomiting, pale skin, cardiac disorders.
- Compression of the brain by a hematoma, foreign body, air, or focal point of impact.
- Brain contusion: mild, moderate and severe.
- Diffuse axonal injury.
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Combination
- bruise and compression by hematoma,
- contusion and subarachnoid hemorrhage,
- diffuse axonal injury and contusion,
- Brain contusion with compression hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Symptoms
Symptoms of impaired consciousness
stunning, stupor, coma. Indicate the presence of a traumatic brain injury and its severity. Symptoms of cranial nerve damage indicate compression and contusion of the brain.
Symptoms of focal brain lesions
They indicate damage to a specific area of the brain, and occur when the brain is hit or compressed.
Trunk symptoms
is a sign of compression and contusion of the brain.
Meningeal symptoms (meningeal)
Their presence indicates the presence of a brain contusion or subarachnoid hemorrhage, and a few days after the injury may be a symptom of meningitis.
